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Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica

May 19, 2025

Spotlight on Fluoride

Fluoride has a long history in the United States. In the early 1900s, scientists noticed that people in areas with naturally fluoridated water had fewer cavities. As part of a public health study in 1945, Grand Rapids, Michigan, became the first city in the world to add fluoride to its water supply. Within 11 years, cavity rates in children there had dropped by about 60 percent. Backed by these dramatic results, fluoridation programs expanded across the country, and in 1999 the CDC hailed the fluoridation of drinking water as one of the 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century. Recently, however, fluoride has been met with more pushback. The CDC and FDA have questioned long-standing recommendations, and some states have banned the practice of putting fluoride in water.
Why do we add fluoride to drinking water? What is fluoride, and is it safe? Includes interview with Dr. Scott Tomar, professor and associate dean for prevention and public health science at the University of Illinois Chicago (UIC) College of Dentistry. American Dental Association. Explanation of how fluoride prevents cavities and tooth decay. (Dentist, fluoride, fluorosis, cavity, teeth, tooth enamel)
Why Is Fluoride Added to Water?
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The Erebus and the Terror

On May 19, 1845, John Franklin left England on an ill-fated search for the Northwest Passage. A successful navigation of the Northwest Passage was seen as the Holy Grail of Arctic exploration, and the Franklin expedition was superbly equipped for such an attempt. The HMS Erebus, Franklin’s flagship, and the HMS Terror had reinforced hulls and were loaded with state-of-the-art technology. Although both were three-masted sailing ships, each also boasted a steam engine that powered a revolutionary retractable screw propeller as well as a rudimentary central heating system.

Terror nearly capsizes. From Sir George Back's 1836-37 narrative. What happened to the Franklin expedition?

The Erebus and the Terror became trapped in ice in the Victoria Strait in September 1846, and they remained stuck for at least the next 18 months. During that time Franklin and nearly two dozen crew members died, and in April 1848 the remaining crew abandoned the ships and headed south on foot. It has been determined that during the trek the crew resorted to cannibalism in desperation.

Did anyone look for them?

Several missions were launched to search for the missing crew, including one led by John Richardson, the author of this article on Franklin from Britannica’s eighth edition.

Why is the Northwest Passage still important?

Thinning sea ice as a result of climate change has made this once impassable route a potential option for commercial shipping.

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